Tag Archive for: AES

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History and Track Records of Gender-sensitive Journalism 

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Gender sensitive issues have been widely discussed since approaching the second millennium. Starting with a book written by Mukhotib in 1998 entitled Gender sensitive journalism published by PMII. But if you look at the twists and turns of its history, this gender sensitive journalism has started way back in the Dutch colonial era.

Iwan Awaluddin Yusuf, an UII Communication Science lecturer who is currently studying his doctorate at Monash University, explained a lot of rich data in the discussion at the Amir Effendi Siregar (AES) Forum on August 29th, 2020.

In that discussion he talked a lot about the context of gender sensitive journalism, literature, history and dynamics of gender sensitive journalism as well as several research studies. He also sees that gender-sensitive journalism is not limited to media coverage, but also occurs in daily practices that surround the world of journalism.

For example, the lower wages of female employees, the absence of protection for female journalists, recruitment requirements, the absence of lactation rooms, and, “there is no tolerance for holidays for women during menstruation,” said Iwan, giving a lot of examples.

Tracing from the historical stage, periodically, Iwan provided a lot of data and stories about the role of women or historical data based on gender sensitive journalism. It should be noted that gender sensitive journalism does not only talk about women, but also looks at the context of how gender is narrated in certain times.

In Sharing the history of the development of gender-sensitive journalism, Iwan divided it into 7 periodizations. First, the colonial era, second is the era of the independence movement of Indonesia, the Japanese occupation era, the Soekarno era, the Suharto era, the transitional reform era and the reform era until now.

 

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Melacak Sejarah Public Relations di Indonesia di Forum AES

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Mengapa melacak sejarah humas itu penting? Di negara lain, sejarah humas hanya berkonteks negara masing-masing. Studi ini peminatnya banyak, buku ajar banyak ditulis, tetapi persoalan sejarah humas tak banyak. Maka saatnya kini Melacak Sejarah Public Relations di Indonesia di Forum AES.

“Beberapa buku memang sudah menulis deskripsi sejarah public relation/ PR di Indonesia, tetapi miskin konteks sosial, politik, dan budaya,” kata I Gusti Ngurah Putra, Akademisi dari Departemen Ilmu Komunikasi UGM, sebagai pembicara pada Sabtu (22/8) di Forum Amir Effendi Siregar (AES) yang disiarkan langsung Channel Uniicoms TV.

Buku-buku dari negara lain sudah membahas sejarah sesuai konteks negaranya. Misalnya, Ngurah mennyontohkan buku The Unseen Power, Public Relation: A history. Scott M. Cutlip menulis itu sampai setebal 832 halaman soal sejarah PR. Jacquie L’Etang juga menulis sejarah PR di Inggris dalam buku berjudul Public Relations in Britain.

Sedangkan di Indonesia, sejarah PR masih belum digarap serius. Menurut Ngurah, jika penulisan sejarah humas tidak dimulai, ada ketakutan sulit mengakses data dan informan.

“Informan ahli dari kalangan pelaku awal atau perintis awal humas di Indonesia tinggal sedikit. Tantangan lain adalah dokumen terkait praktek humas dan gagasan yang berkembang tidak mudah untuk diperoleh,” jelas Ngurah.

Ia memberi penanda soal siapa yang bisa dijadikan peletak awal PR di Indonesia dalam sejarah. Misalnya Prof. Alwi dahlan yang mendirikan konsultan humas di Indonesia, “lalu ada Wicaksono Noeradi, praktisi humas yang pernah sekolah di School of Journalism di Negeri Abang Sam. Lalu Amiruddin, humas PT. Astra,” imbuhnya.

Bagaimana Humas di Indonesia Mula-mula

Dalam sejarahnya, humas masa kemerdekaan dan era Soekarno lebih banyak diarahkan pada membangun semangat baru sebagai sebuah bangsa yang baru. Menurut Ngurah, PR Indonesia di awal republik ni berdiri, dijalani sebagai public diplomacy dan hubungan internasional, kata Ngurah yang menyelesaikan studi Master-nya dan mengkaji PR Indonesia di University of Canberra, Australia.

Tak hanya itu. Perusahaan minyak asing di awal tahun 1950-an seperti STANVAC, Shell, Caltex, BTM ke Indonesia sering dianggap sebagai awal munculnya Corporate PR di Indonesia, katanya. Pada saat yang hampir bersamaan, beberapa perusahaan atau lembaga negara seperti Kepolisian, RRI dan Garuda Indonesia juga mulai memiliki bagian Humas.

Di tahun 60-an, Tahun inilah yang menjadi cikal bakal berkembangnya PR di Indonesia. Istilah “purel” sebagai akronim PR makin populer daripada istilah “humas”. Lalu pada 1962, presidium Kabinet PM Juanda menginstruksikan agar setiap instansi membentuk divisi humas.

Perkembangan selanjutnya, kata Ngurah, pada era orde baru, lembaga pemerintah mulai memeiliki bagian humas. Departemen Penerangan/ Deppen juga menjalankan fungsi kehumasan untuk pemerintah.

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Tracing the History of Public Relations in Indonesia with AES Forum

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Why is tracking the history of public relations important? In other countries, the history of public relations only has the context of each country. This study has a lot of enthusiasts. Its also many writers write textbooks, but there are not many issues in the history of public relations.

“Some books have written descriptions of the history of public relations / PR in Indonesia. The problems are they lack social, political and cultural contexts,” said I Gusti Ngurah Putra. Ngurah is a scholar from the UGM Department of Communication Sciences. He speak on Saturday (22/8) at the Forum Amir Effendi Siregar (AES) which was broadcast live on the Uniicoms TV Channel.

Books and Reference of History of PR                                                 

Books from other countries have discussed history according to the context of their country. For example, Ngurah cited the book entitled The Unseen Power, Public Relations: A history. Scott M. Cutlip wrote it up to 832 pages in thickness about the history of PR. Jacquie L’Etang also wrote the history of public relations in England in a book entitled Public Relations in Britain.

Meanwhile,  the history of PR in Indonesia is still not seriously worked on. According to Ngurah, if the writing of public relations history does not start, there is a fear that it will be difficult to access data and informants.

“There are only a few expert informants from the early actors or public relations pioneers in Indonesia. Another challenge is that documents related to PR practices and developing ideas are not easy to obtain,” explained Ngurah.

He gave a marker about who could be the starting point of indonensian PR in history. For example Prof. Alwi Dahlan, who founded a public relations consultant in Indonesia, “then there is Wicaksono Noeradi, a public relations practitioner who attended the School of Journalism in the United State. Then Amiruddin, PR of PT. Astra,” he added.

How Public Relations in Indonesia Early

In its history, public relations during the independence and Soekarno era were more focused in particular issues. Soekarno focused on building a new spirit as a new nation. According to Ngurah, public diplomacy is Indonesian PR focus at the beginning of the republic. It also focus on international relations, said Ngurah. Ngurah completed his Masters study and studied Indonesian PR at the University of Canberra, Australia.

Not only that. “Foreign oil companies in the early 1950s such as STANVAC, Shell, Caltex, BTM to Indonesia are often seen as the beginning of the emergence of Corporate PR in Indonesia,” he said. At about the same time, several companies or state institutions such as the Police, RRI and Garuda Indonesia also started having a Public Relations section.

In the 60s, this year was the forerunner to the development of PR in Indonesia. The term “purel” as an acronym for PR is getting more and more popular than the term “public relations”. Then in 1962, PM Juanda’s Cabinet presidium instructed each agency to form a public relations division.

Further developments, said Ngurah, during the New Order era, government agencies began to have a public relations department. The Ministry of Information / Deppen also performs a public relations function for the government.

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Forum AES Seri 6: Menilik Sejarah Lintas Zaman Si Anjing Penjaga yang Sopan bersama Wijayanto

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Pola kompas, sedari dulu, setiap ada pergantian rezim, dia mendukung penguasa. Kompas menyatakan di editorial Kompas pada 28 September 1966. Kompas menulis bahwa PKI itu manifestasi nyata salah tafsir atas pancasila. Namun ketika penguasa lemah, dia mulai berani kritis.

Wijayanto mengatakan, pada 1966 ada rubrik khusus bernama Kompasiana di Kompas. Rubrik ini diasuh PK Ojong. Namun pada 1971, dia memutuskan berhenti mengasuh, karena soeharto yang awalnya merangkul pers, justru sebaliknya.

“Pada saat itu ia menunjukkan otoritarianismenya pada media. Masa bulan madu soeharto dan media berakhir di awal 70-71an,” kata Wijayanto dalam seri diskusi Forum Amir Effendi Siregar (AES) ke-6 pada 15 Agustus 2020 yang disiarkan oleh Uniicoms TV, TV online pertama di UII milik Prodi Ilmu Komunikasi UII.

Forum AES adalah ikhtiar Prodi Ilmu Komunikasi UII dalam mengabadikan spirit dan gagasan kritis dalam kajian media dan komunikasi. Spirit tersebut adalah spirit seorang Amir Effendi Siregar, pendiri Program Studi ini, kata Holy Rafika Dhona, moderator cum Dosen Komunikasi UII yang juga fokus menulis kajian mustadh’af dalam buku tentang Komunikasi Profetik.

“Saya rasa nggak ada gunanya, kalau saya nulis jujur, nanti koran ini terancam. Tetapi kalau nulis sesuai permintaan penguasa, ya nanti saya tidak bisa berdamai dengan hati nurani saya sendiri, tentu merugikan. jadi mending tidak ditulis to?” kata Wijayanto menirukan kata-kata P.K. Ojong yang memutuskan menghentikan rubrik Kompasiana. Kompasiana, yang berisi tulisan-tulisan kritis pada rezim, dinilai melukai Presiden Soeharto waktu itu.

“Pak Ojong tidak mau minta maaf dan bilang jadi mayat sekarang atau nanti toh sama saja. Namun Jakob Oetama (salah satu pendiri harian Kompas) lanjut saja dan menjadikan habitusnya Kompas seperti itu. Habitus kompas adalah habitus Jakob,” imbuh Wijayanto yang juga adalah Direktur Center for Media and Democracy, LP3ES.

Pada masa 70an awal, strategi Kompas agar selamat dari bredel, adalah mendekat pada kekuasaan. Pada 1973 Jakob Oetama dapat penghargaan dari Soeharto. Bukti dari kedekatan dengan Soeharto. Wijayato, yag juga dosen Komunikasi Undip, mengatakan “selain itu, dari disertasi Daniel Dhakidae, Kompas juga mendapat dapat pinjaman dari BNI sebesar 235juta. Yang pada saat itu sangat besar dan merupakan priviledge, yang tidak semua media mendapatkannya,” kata Wijayanto.

Namun pada 1978, pada peringatan hari pers ke-32 di istana, setelah Kompas dibredel, Jakob bertemu Soeharto. Pada saat itu, sambil berjabat tangan, Jakob Oetama berkata, “Maturnuwun sampun diparingaken terbit maleh. (Terima kasih sudah diperbolehkan terbit kembali),” kata Wijayanto menirukan. Lalu dibalas oleh Presiden Soeharto sambil tersenyum,”Ojo meneh-meneh.” Sebelumnya memang tercatat Kompas dibredel sejak 21 Januari sampai 3 Februari 1978.

Suharto memberi syarat agar Kompas boleh terbit lagi, kata Wija, panggilan Wijayanto: menandatangani kontrak permohonan maaf yang isinya berjanji tidak memberitakan kekayaan presiden, keluarga presiden dll.

Setelah momen-momen itu, Kompas tetap hidup.

“Namun ketika legitimasi Soeharto redup, pada 14 Mei 1998, Kompas mulai kritis,” imbuh Wijayanto. Kompas menulis pada edisi 14 mei 1998, kalau rakyat tak lagi menghendakinya, Presiden siap mundur.

Sebenarnya, peristiwa ini terjadi saat perjalanan Soeharto dari Kairo ke Jakarta. James Luhulima, seorang wartawan Kompas, dalam bukunya Hari- Hari Terpanjang (Menjelang Mundurnya Presiden Soeharto), menulis bahwa sebenarnya kita mencoba memancing presiden Suharto bahwa dia mau untuk mundur. “Kita sebenarnya tahu Suharto tidak berniat mundur. Tapi kita tanya, bagaimana kalau rakyat sudah tidak menghendaki bapak lagi sebagai presiden. Lalu dijawab kalau rakyat sudah tidak mau menghendaki saya lagi, ya saya akan mundur,” kata Wijayanto menirukan James Luhulima.

Jadi Kompas bersama kekuatan sosial lainnya ikut memberikan tekanan dan menciptakan suasana Soeharto seakan siap untuk mundur. Walau pada 16 Mei Soeharto membantah siap mundur.

Perjalanan sejarah media dalam biobrafi Kompas ini menjadi pelajaran berharga. Sejarah mencatat bahwa bahkan selama orde suharto Kompas tertindas dalam kuasa rezim, pada titik lemah kekuasaan, Kompas mulai menunjukkan keberpihakannya.

Cerita ini adalah hasil dari disertasi Wijayanto. Wijayanto melakukan riset etnografi pada harian Kompas dari Januari 2014 sampai Juni 2015. “Ini adalah disertasi di Leiden yang manuskripnya sudah diajukan sejak 2018,” kata Wijayanto.

Dalam sesi diskusi disertasinya di Belanda, bahasan Wijayanto ini masuk di koran lokal dalam bahasa Belanda dengan judul: anjing penjaga yang sopan. Diskusi tersebut juga masuk di harian Kompas dengan judul yang berbeda: Harian Kompas Melintasi Zaman.

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AES Forum 6: Tracing History of the Polite Watchdog with Wijayanto

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Kompas pattern has always been, every time there is a regime change, it supports the ruler. Kompas stated in a Kompas editorial on September 28, 1966. Kompas wrote that the PKI was a real manifestation of a misinterpretation of Pancasila. But when the ruler was weak, he started to dare to be critical.

Wijayanto said that in 1966 there was a special column called Kompasiana in Kompas. This column is managed by PK Ojong. But in 1971, he decided to stop writing in it, because Suharto initially embraced the press, on the contrary.

“At that time he showed his authoritarianism to the media. Suharto’s honeymoon period and the media ended in the early 70-71s,” Wijayanto said in the 6th Amir Effendi Siregar (AES) discussion series on August, 15th, 2020 broadcast by Uniicoms TV. , The first online TV at UII belonging to the Communication Science Department of UII.

The AES Forum is an endeavor of the UII Communication Science Department to perpetuate the spirit and critical ideas in media and communication studies. This spirit is the credo of Amir Effendi Siregar, the founder of this department, said Holy Rafika Dhona, a lecturer of Department of Communication Science cum moderator who also focuses on writing mustadh’afin studies in books entitled Prophetic Communication (Bahasa: Komunikasi Profetik).

“I think it is useless, if I write honestly, this newspaper will be threatened. But if I write according to the authority’s request, then I will not be able to deal with my own conscience, of course it is detrimental,” said Wijayanto imitating PK Ojong’s words, which decided to stop the Kompasiana rubric. Kompasiana, which contained critical writings on the regime, was considered to have injured President Soeharto at that time.

“Pak Ojong does not want to apologize and say that he will become a corpse now or later. It’s the same. But Jakob Oetama (one of the founders of Kompas) just went ahead and made his habitus Kompas just as it. Kompas habitus is Jakob’s habitus,” added Wijayanto who is also the Director of Center for Media and Democracy, LP3ES.

In the early 70s, Kompas’s strategy to survive from bredel was to get closer to power. In 1973 Jakob Oetama received an award from Soeharto. Evidence of closeness with Suharto. Wijayato, who is also Diponegoro University’s Communication lecturer, said, “Apart from that, from Daniel Dhakidae’s dissertation, Kompas also received a loan from BNI (National Bank of Indonesia) of 235 million. Which at that time was very large and was a private sector, which not all media received,” said Wijayanto.

However, in 1978, on the anniversary of the 32nd Indonesian press day at the palace, after Kompas was banned, Jakob met Suharto. At that time, while shaking hands, Jakob Oetama said, “Matur nuwun Sampun diparingaken terbit maleh. (Thank you for being allowed to publish again),” said Wijayanto imitating. Then President Soeharto replied with a smile, “Don’t even try it again.” Previously, it was noted that Kompas was banned from January 21 to February 3, 1978.

Suharto gave a condition for Kompas to be published again, said Wija, Wijayanto’s nickname: sign an apology contract that promises not to disclose the president’s wealth, the president’s family, etc.

After those moments, Kompas is still alive.

 “However, when Suharto’s legitimacy was dim, on May 14, 1998, Kompas began to become critical,” said Wijayanto. Kompas wrote in the 14th May 1998 edition, if the people no longer want it, the President is ready to resign.

In fact, this incident occurred during Suharto’s trip from Cairo to Jakarta. James Luhulima, a journalist from Kompas, in his book The Longest Days (Towards the Resignation of President Soeharto), wrote that they (journalists) were actually trying to persuade President Suharto that he wanted to resign. “We actually know that Suharto has no intention of resigning. But we ask, what if the people don’t want you anymore as president. Then the answer is that if the people don’t want me anymore, I will resign,” said Wijayanto, imitating James Luhulima.

So Kompas, together with other social forces, came to put pressure on it and created an atmosphere for Suharto as if he were ready to resign. Although on May 16 Suharto denied he was ready to resign.

The history of the media in the Kompas biography is a valuable lesson. History records that even during Suharto’s order, Kompas was oppressed under the regime’s power, at a weak point of power, Kompas began to show its side.

This story is the result of Wijayanto’s dissertation. Wijayanto conducted ethnographic research on Kompas Daily from January 2014 to June 2015. “This is a dissertation in Leiden whose manuscript has been submitted since 2018,” said Wijayanto.

In the discussion session of his dissertation in the Netherlands, Wijayanto’s discussion was written in a local newspaper in Dutch with the title: polite watchdog. The discussion was also included in the Kompas under a different title: Kompas Newspaper Across the Ages.

 

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Forum AES #1: Sejarah sebagai Metode Riset Komunikasi

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UNDANGAN DISKUSI
Forum Bang Amir Effendi Siregar
SERIAL BINCANG SEJARAH KOMUNIKASI

Pusat Studi dan Dokumentasi NADIM Prodi Ilmu Komunikasi UII


Sesi 1: Sejarah sebagai Metode Riset Komunikasi

Pembicara
Luthfi Adam, Ph.D

Disertasinya “Cultivating Power: The Buitenzorg Botanic Garden and Empire Building in Netherland East Indies, 1745-1919” adalah pemenang Harold Perkin Prize sebagai disertasi terbaik tahun 2019-2020 di Departemen Sejarah Northwestern University, Illinois, Amerika Serikat. Sebelumnya kuliah Jurnalistik Unpad dan Kajian Budaya Media UGM.

Jadwal

Minggu, 28 Juni 2020
09.30 WIB
via Zoom (in Bahasa)

 

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